In March 1905 , Einstein created the quantum theory of light, the idea that light exists as tiny packets, or particles, which he called photons.
The work of relating the remarkable experiments and the abstract mathematical and theoretical formulations that constitute quantum physics to the experience that all of us share in the world of everyday life fell first to Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg in the course of their collaboration in Copenhagen around 1927. Bohr and Heisenberg had stepped beyond the world of empirical experiments, pragmatic predictions of such phenomena as the frequencies of light emitted under various conditions and the observation that a discrete quantities of energy must be postulated in order to avoid the paradoxes to which classical physics inevitably led when it was pushed to extremes, and found a new world of quanta of energy, entities that fit neither the classical ideas of particles nor the classical ideas of waves, elementary particles that behaved in ways highly regular when many similar interactions were analyzed yet highly unpredictable when one tried to predict things like individual trajectories through a simple physical apparatus.
Not only did laboratory experiments disclose the fact, but the new theories predicted the consequences that elementary particles are neither wave nor particle, that knowing the position of a particle prevents us from knowing its direction and velocity (and vice-versa), that the very fact of detecting whether a small object such as a photon or electron passes through an apparatus by one path or another can change the end result of the experiment when that small entity reaches a detection screen. Wikipedia
The best way of describing is with probability formula as the path integral approach.
Which led to Einstein’s claim, “If it [the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics] is correct, it signifies the end of physics as a science.”
Einstein was displeased with this indeterministic outcome and his attitude is best summed up in his famous phrase, ‘God does not play dice’.
In the paper “Biological Extension of the Action Principle: Endpoint Determination beyond the Quantum Level and the Ultimate Physical Roots of Consciousness” Attila Grandpierre relates this phenomenon to proto-consciousness as the basis for biology. Journal-ref: NeuroQuantology, 2007, Vol. 5, pp. 346-362
excerpts:
Page 6 of paper
For example, Zukav (1980, in the chapter “Living?”, pp. 45-66) argues that “Something is “organic” if it has the ability to process information and to act accordingly. We have little choice but to acknowledge that photons…do appear to process information [in the two-slit experiment] and to act accordingly, and that therefore, strange as it may sound, they seem to be organic” (ibid., pp. 63-64).
Page 11 of paper
The whole universe appears as a gigantic and throbbing thread of inevitably propagating and complexifying chain reaction of interactions, including all the known and yet unknown forms of interactions, elevating the universe to higher and higher levels of organization, creating spontaneously self-active systems of activity. In this way, the principle of interactive perception becomes the basis of the upward organization of the whole universe. We propose that the quantum orientation observed in the two-slit experiment is a direct manifestation of the perceptive interaction of quanta.
Page 14 of paper
By our proposal, these many-body effects are based on quantum orientation, which relay on virtual interactions, and correspond to an elementary form of consciousness. In this way, the above arguments all indicate that consciousness (perhaps a better term would be proto-consciousness) must be present at the most fundamental levels of matter and universal vacuum fields.
Consciousness and quantum orientation
It is a widely acknowledged view in biosemiotics that life and consciousness are coextensive (Hoffmeyer, 1996, 2001). Therefore, we can also formulate the above indicated (proto)biological interpretation of the two-slit experiment in the following way. The elementary quanta of physics are coupled to the vacuum and manifest an elementary or proto-consciousness. The means of proto-communication are the virtual interactions. The presence of the consciousness aspectis one reason to regard these virtual interactions as transcending physics and corresponding to biology. Moreover, these virtual interactions are immediate, representing instantaneous interactions (not necessarily quantum entanglement). This is another reason to regard virtual interactions as proto-communication, as expressions of proto-consciousness.
We found the following properties of proto-consciousness: perceptive interactions, selfreferential activity, quantum orientation, spontaneous timing, spontaneous targeting, and spontaneous upward organization.
Paper by Atilla Grandpierre